Terapia hormonal en persona transgénero según world professional association for transgender health (WPATH) () y guías clinicas de la endocrine society. () / Hormone therapy in transgender person according to world professional association for transgender health (WPATH) and clinical guidelines of the endocrine society

RESUMEN La identidad de género es la percepción intrínseca de una persona de ser hombre, mujer o alguna alternativa de género. Las personas transgénero perciben estar en un cuerpo equivocado, ya que se sienten del sexo opuesto al biológico. Cuando esta incongruencia entre identidad de género y el fenotipo físico del sexo asignado, genera gran angustia, ansiedad y malestar persistente, se denomina disforia de género. Se estima que el 0,4%- 1.3% de la población mundial experimentan distintos grados de Disforia de Género. (3), no todas las personas con disforia de género tienen las mismas necesidades, por lo que la evaluación del objetivo personal para lograr bienestar es muy importante. Todas las intervenciones médicas conllevan riesgos, por lo que, la comprensión de éstos últimos, la adherencia y el manejo por profesionales capacitados los minimiza. En Revista de la Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología Infantil y de la Adolescencia, recientemente hemos publicado dos artículos de revisión sobre la introducción a la Hormonoterapia en personas transgénero, objetivos de la terapia, transición en la adolescencia, y la transición masculino a femenino, por lo que éste escrito se concentrará sólo en los Riesgos de la Terapia Hormonal en la transición. (4,5)

SUMMARY Gender identity is the intrinsic perception of a person to be a man, woman or some gender alternative. Transgender people feel that they are in the wrong body, since they feel the opposite sex to the assigned. When this incongruence between gender identity and the physical phenotype generates great anguish, anxiety and persistent discomfort, it is called gender dysphoria. It is estimated that 0.4% −1.3% of the world population experience different degrees of Gender Dysphoria. (3), and not all people with gender dysphoria have the same needs, so the evaluation of the personal goal to achieve well-being is very important. All medical interventions involve risks, so the understanding of the latter, adherence and management by trained professionals minimizes them. In the Journal of the Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Child and Adolescent Gynecology, we have recently published two review articles on the introduction to Hormonotherapy in transgender people, objectives of therapy, transition in adolescence, and the male to female transition, so this writing will focus only on the Risks of Hormonal Therapy in the transition. (4,5)

What is the best treatment option in postmenopausal, hormone responsive breast cancer patients with isolated bone metastases.

Background: Bone is the most common metastatic site for breast cancer. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of addition of chemotherapy to hormonal therapy in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients with isolated bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Between June 2001 and January 2007, 101 patients were classified into two groups according to initial treatment modalities; patients who received hormonotherapy only (group I) and chemotherapy followed by hormonotherapy (group II). The effect of treatment choice on clinical course, time to progression, and overall survival were evaluated. Results: There were 70 patients in group I and 31 patients in group II. Bone metastases in 27 patients (26.7%) were synchronous and the remainder were metachronous. The median follow-up time was 41 months. The two groups showed similar results when patients' tumor characteristics were compared. However, 81% of synchronous cases had upfront chemotherapy following hormonotherapy, whereas this ratio was only 12% in the metachronous group. All patients received systemic antiresorptive bisphosphonates whereas only 24 patients required palliative radiotherapy at some time during the course of their disease. In groups I and II, the median time to progression was 12 and 16 months (P: 0.96) and median overall survival was 41 and 40 months (P: 0.79), respectively. In HER-2-positive patients, a trend of prolongation of overall survival was observed in group II, but it was not statistically significant (P: 0.12). Conclusions: Anti-hormonal therapy still seems to be considered as the ideal treatment of choice for postmenapousal breast cancer patients with isolated bone metastases.

Cáncer de mama con Her-2-neu y receptores hormonales positivos: tratamiento sistémico primario, biopsia del ganglio centinela y hormonoterapia / Breast cancer Her2/neu and estrogen receptor-positive: systemic treatment, sentinel lymph node biopsy and hormonotherapy

La quimioterapia neoadjuvante aparece como una opción terapéutica interesante en determinados casos de cáncer de mama. En éstos, el momento de la realización de la biopsia del ganglio centinela supone un tema de controversia actual. Los tumores Her-2-neu y receptores estrogénicos positivos presentan cierta resistencia a la terapia hormonal especialmente con tamoxifeno. Se presenta un caso con co-expresión de Her-2-neu y receptores estrogénicos que se trata con quimioterapia neoadjuvante y biopsia de ganglio centinela previa. En un segundo tiempo, se realiza cirugía conservadora sobre la mama con linfadenectomía axilar, radioterapia y hormonoterapia con letrozol, complementada con goserelina y trastuzumab. La evolución posterior ha sido muy favorable.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an interesting option in the therapy of some breast cancer cases. Cases in which the timing for sentinel lymph node biopsy is controversial. Co-expression of estrogen receptors and Her2/neu (c-erbB-2) in breast cancer may imply hormone resistance, especially to tamoxifen. We present a clinic case with co-expression of estrogen receptors and Her2/neu that was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and previous sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by breast tumorectomy with axillar lymphadenectomy, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy with letrozol, geserelina and trastuzumab. A good treatment response was found.

Cirugía del carcinoma mamario revisión de 20 años / Surgery of breast cancer twenty years review

Exponer los diferentes tratamientos quirúrgicos del carcinoma de mama realizados en los últimos veinte años y las características clínico-patológicas tumorales. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de pacientes vistos en el lapso comprendido entre junio de 1990 a diciembre de 2009. Se evaluó la procedencia, edad, mama afectada, cuadrante, forma de diagnóstico, tipo histológico, estadio clínico, tratamiento, intervalo libre de enfermedad, recidiva, tiempo de seguimiento. 446 casos, edad promedio 54,91 años (DS± 13,03, rango 22 - 91 años). La mama izquierda presentó lesión tumoral más frecuente. Predominó estadio II. Tipo histológico mayoritario fue carcinoma ductal infiltrante. Los casos avanzados recibieron quimioterapia neoadyuvante, la mayoría de los demás tratamiento adyuvante. El procedimiento quirúrgico fue variable entre mastectomía parcial oncológica, mastectomía radical modificada, cirugía oncoplástica, predominando la primera con 55,83%. El 4,41% de los pacientes presentó recidivas locales, intervalo libre de enfermedad fue 34,52 meses (DS ± 11,31 rango, 10 - 130) después del tratamiento quirúrgico. En relación al seguimiento, se mantienen 408 pacientes (91,47%), con una media de 54,34 meses (DS ± 48,21, rango 1-240 meses) fallecieron 78 pacientes, 22 por comorbilidad (5,39%) y 56 por el cáncer (13,72%), el tiempo de sobrevida fue 42,40 meses (DS ± 25,62, rango 10-132 m.). El carcinoma de mama presenta una historia natural variable, heterogénea, aún después del tratamiento quirúrgico y adyuvante, hay que evitar que la lesión neoplásica progrese a estadios avanzados, y podamos efectuar un diagnóstico temprano

Discuss the different surgical treatments of breast cancer conducted in the last twenty years and clinical and pathological tumor characteristics. We performed descriptive, retrospective study of patients by diagnosis of mammary carcinoma seen in June 1990 to December 2009. The variables were evaluated: origin, age, affected breast, quadrant, form of diagnosis, histological type, clinical stage, treatment, free interval of disease, recurrence, follow-up time. Review 446 cases, the average age was 54.91 years (STD +/- 13.03, range 22 to 91). The left breast made the tumor more frequently. More than half of patients were in stage II at diagnosis. The predominant histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma without other specification. More patients received neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. The surgicalprocedure varied between partial oncologic mastectomies, modified radical mastectomy, oncoplastic surgery, dominating the first one with 55.83 %. 4.41 % the patients had local relapses with a free interval disease of 34.52 months (STD +/- 11.31 r: 10-130) after surgical treatment. Follow-up has been achieving 408 patients (91.47 %), the average was 54.34 month (Std +/- 48.21, range 1-240 m). 78 patients died, 22 for comorbility (5.39 %) and 56 for the cancer (13.72%), the survival average time was 42.40 months (STD +/- 25.62, range 10-132 m). The breast cancer presents highly variable natural history even after surgical and the adjuvant treatment; we must prevent the neoplastic lesion to progress to advanced stages. Early diagnosis is very important

Experiencia en mujeres con cáncer de mama durante un trienio / Experience with women diagnosed breast cancer during a three year period

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más frecuente en las féminas a nivel mundial. En Cuba, la incidencia de cáncer de mama es la primera causa y la segunda en mortalidad en el 2008. En nuestro país, existe un programa de control del cáncer de mama que tiene como objetivo general reducir la mortalidad por esta patología, incrementando la supervivencia y preservando la calidad de vida de las pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el comportamiento del cáncer mamario, con la descripción de variables clínicas, histológicas, así como variantes de tratamientos realizados a dichas mujeres. Describir variables demográficas y clínicas del universo estudiado, mostrar modalidades histológicas del cáncer de mama en nuestro universo, identificar tipo de tratamiento inicial que recibió cada una de las pacientes y determinar el intervalo libre del evento, así como la sobrevida global. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo de 128 pacientes con cáncer de mama, cuyos diagnósticos, tratamientos y seguimientos fueron durante el trienio del 2006-2009 en el servicio de Oncología del Hospital Ramón González Coro. RESULTADOS: El 4,6 por ciento de las pacientes eran menores de 30 años, y más de la mitad de ellas tenían 51 años y más. La modalidad quirúrgica que más se practicó a estas pacientes fue la cuadrantectomía con vaciamiento axilar para un 54 por ciento del universo estudiado. Se presentaron metástasis pleuropulmonares, óseas, hepáticas, cerebrales y múltiples, con predominio de las dos primeras, para un total de 11 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Las recidivas a distancia predominaron sobre las locorregionales. La sobrevida global fue alta

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the more frequent neoplasm in women at world scale. In Cuba, breast cancer incidence was the first and the second cause of death in 2008. In our country there is a program for breast cancer control whose general objective is to reduce the mortality from this pathology, increasing survival and preserving the quality of life of these patients. OBJECTIVES: To assess the breast cancer behavior and to describe the clinical and histological variables as variants of the treatments applied in such women. To describe the demographic and clinical variables of the study universe, to show histological modalities of breast cancer in our universe, to identify the type of initial treatment of each patient and to determine the event-free interval, as well as the global survival. METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted in 128 patients presenting with breast cancer, shoes diagnoses, treatments and follow-ups were during three years (2006-2009) in the Oncology service of the Ramón González Coro Gynecology and Obstetric Hospital. RESULTS: The 4.6 percent of patients were aged under 30 and more than a half had 51 years old or more. The surgical modality more used was the quadrantectomy with axillary voiding for a 54 percent of study universe. There were pleuropulmonary, bone, hepatic, cerebral and multiple metastases with predominance of the two first for a total of 11 cases. CONCLUSIONS: There was predominance of distant relapses over the locus-regional. Global survival was high

Body composition alterarions, energy expenditure and fat oxidation in elderly males suffering from prostate cancer, pre and post orchiectomy

INTRODUCTION: Testosterone is needed for normal male development, muscle strength, bone mineralization, hematopoietic function, and sexual and reproductive functions. The main purpose of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer is to reduce tumor progression, but therapy is often accompanied by significant adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effects of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition and resting metabolic rate in patients with prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed to evaluate the body composition of 16 elderly males (aged 63-96; median age 71) with prostate cancer scheduled for orchiectomy, one year before and after surgery. Body composition was measured by DEXA, and energy expenditure, fat and carbohydrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Body weight (p=0.01), lean mass (p=0.004), and lipid oxidation (p=0.001) decreased significantly. Carbohydrate oxidation (p=0.02), FSH (p=0.0001) and LH (p=0.0001) levels increased significantly. Changes in fat mass (p=0.06) and bone mineral density (p=0.48) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 months of androgen deprivation therapy, elderly men with metastatic prostate cancer exhibit a decline in lean body mass and lipid oxidation, together with increased carbohydrate oxidation.